tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54243005328351923052023-07-17T21:54:12.955-07:00KIMIA ORGANIK 2Blog tentang kimia organik Dewi Mayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01395927084465635097noreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5424300532835192305.post-72232398207564893842013-04-30T08:10:00.002-07:002013-04-30T08:39:58.509-07:00Ujian MID semester Kimia Organik II<!--[if !mso]>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1. Asam karboksilat dapat ditransformasi menjadi beberapa
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target akhirnya adalah benzoil khlorida.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2. Temukan manfaat dari benzoil khlorida, jelaskan bagaimana mekanisme
senyawa benzoil khlorida berperan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">3. Bila benzoil khlorida dikonversi menjadi asam benzoat.
Buatlah tiga contoh turunan asam benzoat sebagai model, kemudian jelaskan
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">4. Usulkan turunan asam benzoat yang anda gunakan pada soal no.3
dapat dibiodegradasi oleh suatu mikroorganisme, bagaimana hasil akhir penguraiannya?</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jawaban :</span></div>
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<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.</span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 115%;">
<b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Benzoil klorida</span></b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">, juga dikenal sebagi <b>benzenakarbonil klorida</b>, adalah
cairan tak berwarna dan berkabut C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COCl dengan bau yang
menusuk.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Senyawa
ini digunakan sebagai bahan kimia antara dalam pembuatan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zat_warna" title="Zat warna"><span style="color: #00b0f0;">zat warna</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfum" title="Parfum"><span style="color: #00b0f0;">parfum</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroksida" title="Peroksida"><span style="color: #00b0f0;">peroksida</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obat" title="Obat"><span style="color: #00b0f0;">obat-obatan</span></a>,
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Resin (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #00b0f0;">resin</span></a>.
Ia juga digunakan dalam bidang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi" title="Fotografi"><span style="color: #00b0f0;">fotografi</span></a> dan digunakan
dalam proses pembuatan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanin" title="Tanin"><span style="color: #00b0f0;">tanin</span></a> sintetik. Ia
sebelumnya digunakan sebagai gas iritan dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senjata_kimia" title="Senjata kimia"><span style="color: #00b0f0;">peperangan</span></a>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.</span><b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam Benzoat dan Turunannya</span></b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdapat beberapa
turunan dari asam benzoat yang tanpa kita sadari sering kita gunakan,
diantaranya adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• <b>Asam asetil
salisilat </b>atau lebih dikenal dengan sebutan aspirin atau asetosal yang biasa
digunakan sebagai obat penghilang rasa sakit (analgesik) dan penurun panas
(antipiretik). Oleh karena itu aspirin juga digunakan sebagai obat sakit
kepala, sakit gigi, demam dan sakit jantung. Penggunaan dalam jangka panjang
dapat menyebabkan iritasi lapisan mukosa pada lambung sehingga menimbulkan
sakit maag, gangguan ginjal, alergi, dan asma. </span></div>
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<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 101.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: .75pt;" width="1"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam asetil salisilat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• <b>Natrium benzoat</b>
yang biasa ggunakan sebagai pengawet makanan dalam kaleng. </span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 124px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 101.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 101.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 12.75pt;" width="17"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 101.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 75.75pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="2" style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Natrium Benzoat</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• <b>Metil salisilat</b>
adalah komponen utama obat gosok atau minyak angin. </span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 159px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 131.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 131.25pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Efek resonansi</span></div>
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/vQoUNCQkJXr1718/PLz89va2ujhg7TTQus0dFRJBIJLxHh7e1NqkFI5La2jVSVlZXhDhoTE5PV/yqJD6zJycno6OigoKA1bXXxdXjx4kV7e3tTU9Pg4CClwrqlpQWJRFpbW9t+7ezt7Y2NjQ8cOEDQp/Hjjz8eOXJEREQkPDx89SviTbBpgQVB0NjY2OPHj1taWlZZDZXarCGwuru79+/fLywsvPpAEhiRgTU7O5uUlOTn50fNYxfIpL+/X09PT1ZWVkFBQVFRMSQkhCSbC6xVV1dXfHx8cHBw6NcuIiLC0dHx4MGDBNvEMzExCQkJ6erqotHoly9fbv4/Ab5N63SHd5mRk5NTUlISFxff+KIpm2MNgdXW1hYQEADfwnyRqqrq0g24l2ptbb116xY8PWWr0dLSEhQUTExMTElJsbGx4ebmBjtQkNXr16+NjY2///77bdu2HTt2TElJydHR8datW8XFxd3d3WudB0omm3OFNTo6amJiIiYmFhkZmZKSgkQiGRkZvzgKnxqsIbDWNDVXRUWFmLWPp6enST5HmibMzMwwMDDgOgGHh4fNzc3Xt5Q+QKSBgQF/f39PT8+cnJyGhobh4WFKt2gZ+FdY5JuaU1NTIy4u7ubmhivR0NCgiR+/tfVhEU9RURHe8oz4eSpbjZSU1JkzZ/DXwCJY4h0gOWp7JrhUTk4OHFgpKSnOzs6PHj0ix1mwWKyamhofHx/+Ak0U6ZFYK3IFloqKSnZ2dnR0NDs7OxKJ3IJdVF/06dMnfX39PXv2HD16VF5eHo1Gf00PSYH1iY+Px+21RdbxYj09PXp6egcOHGBkZJSWls7Pz1/r8rwUQfrAqqurs7OzExISgodNPn36VFtbW1FRMTo6moKLWFGb2dlZuH93eno6NTVVSUnp1KlTLi4uVLt0IkBu3d3dycnJYmJiCAQiMjKSrHuRzM7OwittTU9PYzAYZWVlenp6b29v8p2RVEgZWB0dHSEhIbq6ukJCQhcvXgwJCcGNKUWj0RoaGqampsnJyTQ054Z86uvrzc3N8UeKWllZSUhIgFWSt6D+/v74+HgrKyt4Uaby8nI9PT0jI6OIiAhi1vxbh/Lycjc3N/wNriwsLBgZGal/CUmSBVZwcLC5ubm5ufnt27dfv34dFxd35coVExMT3Jp2g4OD/v7+xsbGFhYWJFzbj+bA1/mtra0MDAz29vZwr8rQ0JCWlpaSktKTJ086OjrAHfQW8fbt2+TkZEtLS0NDw9DQ0Lm5Obh8fn4+Pj7e0NDQ2NiYtBt3Pnz4cGRkJD8///z582ZmZi9evIAg6N27d4qKiry8vBAEdXd39/T0kPCMpEWCwMrNzdXV1TU2No6JicFfM7O/vz84ONjIyMjU1BS3An9tba2Xl5e+vr6tre0WnImCQqGsrKzg7ZV8fX05ODgkJCSUlZVFRERERETgeRKlpaWXL18mx4Z0AFWpqqoyNzfX19f38/NrbW1dekBnZ2dwcLCJiYmenh7+llzrMzMz4+HhYWRk1NHRMTMz4+3tzc3NLSYmpqSkJCYmxsPDAw92z87Ohn+XN3g6MtlQYLW1tZmbm8PTzZf9G4cg6N69e0gkUkVFxcnJCRdnZWVlNjY28vLyW2ef+ra2Nn19/cuXL8fGxsLfYAsLC5mZmS4uLq6urkgksrCwEH5MMzIygkajr169qqSkhL/JEPA1MTMzU1FRCQoKqqqqWv3IhoaGyMhIFRUVMzOzp0+fru90iYmJcnJy5ubmubm58Pa94+Pj6enpnp6erq6ubm5uuBUHent7ExMT9fX1NTQ07t27t77Tkc86A+vt27fu7u6SkpJIJJJgq+el3rx5U1paamFhISUlhdv5GYvF5uTkEOx2+7WKj48XFhYOCgp6+PDh0lc/f/68tLCnpychIUFTU1NXV7empob8bQQ2SUBAAD8/v5eXV21tLfHPWGpqatzc3KSkpPz8/NZ0uqqqKi0tLX19/eTk5GXXKVhcXFxa2NHRcfPmTTk5OSMjoxfUsYsCbPnAqq6uPn/+PBcXFwKBOH/+PCcnp42NDW4dBQwGIyYmpq+vv6btRT98+JCbmystLa2iorL093ZyctLS0vL06dOMjIw8PDwbX1R+MzU0NGhoaJw4cYKJiUlJSQm+gJqennZ3d09PT4cgqLy8vL29fR01j4yMREREiIiIWFpaPnv2DC4cGxtzcnI6ffo0ExMTPz8/bkZBTk7ORtZcBDYuMzNTRETk/PnzCAQCgUCcPXsWfyP0rKwsSUlJTU3NlfYovHnzJh8fX0VFxUr137t3T1tbW0ZGJjc3F/9dPDw8J0+eZGNjw3+SMzAwYG1tfeHChbCwsImJiXV8nMnJSScnJwQCERYWhsu19vb2S5cunTp16vjx4+rq6ridFkxMTDbhm3X5wEpJSaGjo/Px8UlOTkahUG5ubvv27TMyMoIgqKioSExMbCNXRjdu3ODl5fXy8urq6oLnQ3R2dvLz83NxcaHR6La2Nm9v7+PHj2tpaa3vb3mTpaamnj59WlVVtbKysr6+XlBQ8MSJEx0dHdPT03Jycr6+vhs/xdTUlKmpqYWFxezsLBaLlZCQ4ODgSE1NbWpqMjMz27t3L5xZISEhQkJCGz8dsG7e3t7Hjh3z8PBISkpKTEz09fX9/fff4V8cFAqlqamZkZFB8Jb+/v7MzEx9fX14Vvbqm9rDMBhMREQEHExmZmZ//vmnl5dXU1MTGo3m5OTk5uaGH9qUl5e7u7tvfDr3gwcPdHV14UEP5eXlJ06cuHjxYmNjY3FxsaioKCcnJ7xdORsbG/z1TFbLBxYGg/n+++/xB17b2Njw8fGRajbD27dvdXV1FRQU4C8KY2NjMTEx/Ce4GAyGl5eX+veeHB4eVlVV1dTUxP1djY2NycrKhoaGfv78WUFBwd/ff9k3vn79eq2jruFwDw0NZWJiwp9eDz8ChyAoLCxMTExsnZ8EIAVvb28BAQH8q2lXV9cTJ05AEPThwwf8I4eGhu7cuePs7IxAIHDLzGlqaq7pdC0tLbt27SouLsaVvHr1ip2dnZjUWyv4x1VSUlJLSwtX+ODBA01NzZCQEAiCzp49uwlr1KwYWN9++21FRUVXV1dXV9eDBw/k5OSUlZVJO5c9Ly8PjUYPDAwICwt7eHjgvzQ6OqqpqWlgYEDlAynLysokJCQIuhUmJyenpqYmJiZWCay8vLz1DbG5ePGisrIyfsmbN2/glXlAYFGcj48PJydndnY2/IvT2toqLy8vKSlJcFh6erqsrCw9PT1u0Yhvv/1WWlp6rb9fDg4OCASCoNDNzY2RkXFDH2MF9+7dY2Njw3VDw6anp+HNgCkZWGlpaXR0dPz8/OLi4gICAjIyMjIyMmSazN3Q0MDLy+vj40NQbm5urqioSOUr9SQnJ4uIiCy7f+rY2NgqgRUfH5+cnLyOyYM8PDzW1tbLvgQCi+ICAgL27t3Lw8MjKSnJy8t78eJFGRmZ/Px8gsMiIyMvXLhw7Nix//73v3R0dN98842AgMA6hrZLSkoaGBgQFKakpOzYsWP9n2FlSUlJx48fX+nJNSUDKzU1lY6OzsTExN7eXkpKioODg5g1sNanqamJj49vaV/P1atX1dTUqHNKPU52drakpOSyQ/vGx8dXCazBwUEXF5d1LOIuIiJiamq67EsgsCjOz8/v6NGj+vr6Dg4OsrKyhw8fXunB1NzcXGRk5I4dO+jo6M6dO1dUVLSO0ykpKWloaBAU3rp1a9euXeuo7Ytyc3NPnTqFRqOXfZXCt4TfffcdfKPx9OlTdXV1NTU1Mo1/HRsbk5SUtLa2xp8W0NXVpaSkRI5bcdJqaWmRlZV1dHTEL4yKinJ3d//w4YOiouJKgQVBkJOT00pPi1Zx9epVgp51eCYHBEHh4eEgsCjLx8eHj48PXhNmZGREXl5eXl5+2SNHR0dVVVV/+uknJiampT3xRIqMjDx69ChBoaGhITc39/oqXF1/f/+5c+fCw8NxJe/fvw8MDEQikRAEcXBwrPuDEG+1wMJd3VRUVLCwsKzyu7dBAQEBbGxsqampuBK4M3LptTS1+fz5s7m5uaCgIO56vqmp6eTJk87OzhAErXKFBUFQWlpaaGjoWs9YVFTEwMCAfxMqKCgoLS0NQVBYWJioqOiaPwNAOt7e3nx8fLgJoe3t7bt378b/DcextLS0sLBgZWXdyNjpt2/fHj582NLSEleSk5Ozf//+pbtYkYqxsTECgejt7YX/WFJSAo95giDo7NmzFAssNBr9zTff4G9g4+LicvToUfIt2GpjYwOvv6yjo8PBwcHExEQr+w51dnZKSUkdOnRIXl7+0qVLu3btkpGRgXd2kJeXX2VYQ1ZWVlBQ0DrO6O7uvmfPHiEhIXV1dSYmJmZmZnjVpJCQEGFh4fV/EmDDkEgkDw9PfX09rsTLy+vQoUOPHz/GP8zV1TU2Nravr4+YVXlXV1RUdPToUTY2NnV1dVFR0b1799rY2JBv9dSpqSkJCYm9e/eqqKjIyckdOHBAXl4evvdiZ2en2LCGtrY2FxcXgk1EfH19yTpUv7m52d7e3tTU1M/Pj8q7rpZKSkqytLQ0NTXFXSfOzc1hMJhV/sacnZ3LysrWd7rq6moHBwcTE5OQkBDcaLX6+vrbt2+vr0KAJKqrq+Pj4/F/el+/fu3n54ffRXXv3j1bW1sSnnRiYiIsLMzU1NTV1XVNY7nXLT093dTU1MrKCoPB4Ao3Z/0oci3gB6zu06dPdnZ21DwtHiCTa9euraPvEoCBwCK94eHh4uLi1eeppqSk3LhxA56GCmwdLS0trq6u4+PjlG4IrQKBRXqPHz9WV1e/cOGCqalpUlISrocSp6mpycXFBXzNbkEhISHJyclkXfv46wYCi/RmZ2cjIyOPHz/+ww8/0NPTIxAIVVXVhIQEeIe0oqIiX1/fvLw8cHm11fT09BCzugmwChBY5JKXl3f27Fl44sW///3v3bt3Hzt2DIFACAoKxsbGUvmUI4AcUlNTb926RfHNpWkaCCwyunv3LhsbG/4+w99++y0nJ+cmDFcBqFBcXFx2dvay608BRAKBRV6PHj06deoUnFYnT568c+cOwWARYOtAIpH44wCAdQCBRXYjIyOsrKx0dHTq6uqUbgtAMa9evYqJiYGXjgLWDQTWZhgZGTl+/Dhug0xgC+rr60tNTV1p6wOASCCwNkltba29vT2lWwFQTE9PDwaDAYG1QSCwAGAz9Pf3Jycnk3U/560ABBYAbIbp6en4+Pjq6mpKN4S2gcACgM2wuLjo4+OTk5ND6YbQNhBYALBJPDw8kpOTKd0K2gYCCwA2SVxcXGZmJsH2OcCagMACgE2CwWDCwsLw18UE1goEFgBsks7OzsjISHiXU2B9QGABwObx8PCoqqqidCtoGAgsANg8MTExCQkJYK2OdQOBBQCbp7u728HBYWhoiNINoVUgsABgU5WVlU1NTVG6FbQKBBYAADQDBBYAADQDBBYAbJLp6WnQ3b5BILAAgOyqq6sDAwOdnZ2dnZ3RaPSbN28gCHr27Flqamp/f//bt28nJydnZmYo3UwaAAILAMgrPz9fQkJCTExMX19fVlaWhYXFy8sLgqDi4mJxcfGysrL09HQXF5cbN26AzPoiEFgAQEbDw8NSUlJKSkq4oQyurq5nzpxZXFwsLS3FD6yoqCgQWF8EAgsAyKiyspKBgaGiogJX8vLly7i4uIWFBVxgUbB5NAcEFgCQ0Y0bN06cOLHs1l4lJSXi4uKlpaWb3yraBQILAMgoJCSEhYVl2ZfgPiwQWGsCAgsAyKikpISBgaG9vR2/EIPBjI6OlpWVgcBaKxBYAEBGAwMDXFxcZmZmuJLKysqff/65pKTk7t27ILDWCgQWAJBXTEwMOzu7mZlZdHR0QEDAmTNnpKWlIQgqKSkRExMDgbUmILAAgLwWFhZiY2OlpaUFBQUFBQVNTU1HR0chCGpsbLSzswMbf60JCCwA2AyfP38eHR3FX6fh48ePMzMzH1LPUvQAABtrSURBVD9+pGCraA4ILAAAaAYILAAAaAYILAAAaAYILAAAaAYILAAAaAYILAAAaAYILAAAaAYILAAAaAYILAAAaAYILAAAaAYILAAAaAYILAAAaAYILAAAaAYILAAAaAYILAAAaAYILAAAaAYILAAAaAYILAAAaAYILAAAaAYILAAAaAYILBqzuLg4NTVFsHPBy5cvKdUeANhMILBoTH9/v4ODQ1tbG65kcnLSxMTkxYsXFGwVAGwOEFg05v79+/v37y8oKMCV9PX1/fjjj52dnRRsFQBsDhBYNKahoeHIkSNFRUW4ksHBwZ9//rm7u5uCrQKAzQECi8Y0NDQcPnwY/wqrt7cXBBawRYDAojHNzc07duw4efIkLy8vNzc3Dw/PmTNnvvnmm76+Pko3DQDIDgQWjWlsbNy3b5+trS0Gg0GhUCkpKf7+/j/++GNPTw+lmwYAZAcCi8bAfVglJSW4EiwWC24JgS0CBBaNgfuw7ty5gyvp7+/ftm0bCCxgKwCBRWMaGhqOHj2K/5Swv7//t99+A4EFbAUgsGhMb2+vhYXFo0ePcCUTExM6OjojIyMUbBUAbA4QWAAAQRDU2Njo6elpYGBgY2ODP2oEgqDu7u6wsDAjIyMTExMUCrWwsEB8tZ8+fSorK0tKSsIvLCkpSUxMhP//w4cP+fn5dnZ2BgYGSCRyeHgYLszJycnJyfnw4cOGPxlltLW1BQQEGBoaWllZYTAYUlULAov2DA8PZ2Rk4F9kARtUVlYmKysrLS2tra2tpaXFzs5+69Yt+KWSkhIZGRkpKanLly9ra2sLCAhoaGjAsUKMhYUFR0dHGRkZ/EIbGxtxcXEIgsbHx93c3ISEhNTV1bW0tCQlJUVFRfv7+yEIMjAwMDAwePPmDUk/6CYpKCgQExOTlJTU1tbW0dHh5OS8evUqSWoGgUV7amtrr1y50tzcTOmGfCVmZmZsbGyEhITu3bs3NDTU19dnZmbGxMQEQVBHR8elS5eUlZXLysr6+/v7+/szMzOFhISMjIyIrHxhYcHCwoKfnx+/0MTEhIuLC4KgmJgYLi4uf3//7u7uwcHB5ubmc+fOXb58GYIgNTU1VVXV169fk/rjkt3jx49lZWUVFBSqq6v7+/t7enpSUlKOHj0aEBCw8cpBYNGe5ORkbW1tSrfi6zEzM2NmZiYiIjIxMQGXTE9Pp6amQhAUExMjICCQm5uLf3xsbCwHB8f9+/eJqXxhYcHS0lJISAi/0NLSkoeHB4IgfX39S5cu4b9UXV2dlZUFQZC6urqamhotXmHdunXrzJkzdXV1+IWOjo4nTpx4+/btBisHgUVF5ufnsVhsWVlZVVXVSsdMT087OzsHBQVtZsO+elVVVfz8/EePHtXX109KSoJvyiAI8vDwEBcXHxgYwD+4vLyck5PTx8eHmJo/fvxoZma2a9cuDQ2Ny5cva2pq6unpHTp0SEhIaGBgQFJS8tq1a0vfNTc3p6amRqOB5eXlxcvLS1BYU1PDwMDQ0NCwwcpBYFEFuFvKw8PD0tLS1dV1lcDq7e1VUVEB94Mb1NvbW1NT888//zQ1NcElr169iomJuXjxIiMj4+HDh0NDQyEIsrOzExUVHR8fx39veXn56dOnnZ2dV6r86dOnNTU1VVVV8FWYubn59u3bRUVFxcTEREVFJSUl//zzT2Fh4cHBQWlpaSsrq6U1vH37lkYD68OHD/b29hcuXCAob2xsZGBgqKys3GD9ILAo7/Hjx6GhoR4eHqvkFE5hYaGiouImtOrrFhkZKSEhISAgoK+vPzk5WVBQ0NraCr+0sLAQGBj422+/dXR0BAUFiYiI4F6C5efnIxAIFAoFQdD8/PzS25zAwEBxcfELFy7A/1LXrl0TFBTEP8DMzIyHh2dycvLSpUsE3WHDw8Pp6emvX7+m3VvC4OBgBAKBu7+GpaWlMTAw9Pb2brByEFgUVlJS4uPjEx8fT+Txjo6OHh4eZG3SVtDZ2VlcXFxYWFhbW9vW1qakpGRmZoZ/wPbt28vKygoLC0VERPDv/hYWFszMzAQFBYeHh5uamuLj4yMiIlpaWvDf29bWVlxcfOfOnYqKCgiCLC0tBQQE8A8wNTXl5uaGIMjZ2VlYWPjBgwe4l9zd3c+dOzczM6OpqUmjgQUHenBwMH6hpKSkpKTkxisHgUVJOTk5169fz8nJIf4tCgoK9fX15GvSFvTmzRsvL6/Tp09bWFjExcXFxsYqKyufP38ei8XOzs66ubnx8/NbWFjcvHnz5s2bOjo6CAQiNjYWgqAbN24EBQWFhYUt2w8FgwOOoE/H2Nj4/PnzEARVVFSIi4tLS0sHBQXFx8c7OTmdPHny+vXrEASpqqpeunSJFp8Sjo2N2dvbnz9/3tra+ubNm1FRUUpKShwcHHB8bxAILIp58OCBhYXFWrsh0Wg0mdqzlfX29np5eSkpKYmIiEhLS2toaBQXF8MvDQ4OBgUFXb58WUxMTEpKSkdHB74ZXFhYaG5unp2dbW1tVVVVXanm9+/fh4eHE1y+BQcHX7lyBf7/vLw8Q0NDGRkZQUFBeXl5JBIJh5SHh4eHh8fGH6tRRG9vr4+Pj5qamqioqIKCgq6ubmFhIUlqBoFFMVZWVgTPy1dRU1MTEBAQFRU1OjpK1lbBnjx5EhsbGxwcTPBw+is2Pz//6NGjkpKSioqKZ8+eEbza0dFRUlJSVlY2ODiIX97f33/16tWMjIxVan7+/PmTJ0/wS4aGhvDnfg4PD1dXVxcWFuLfWsLDvtb/eShtcXERvjWurq4m4YYDILAoIyEhITw8nJgL/u7ubgUFBUZGxjNnzpw5c+bgwYNIJJKsbfPw8Dh06BA7OzsHB8fBgwc1NDTevXtH1jPSqL6+PgcHh9XTassaHR3FfbmScMMBEFgUMDs7a2dnV1tb+8UjBwcHVVVV+fn5cXeOaDT6yJEj5MussLCwP//8Ezf56+HDh6dOnVJRUSHT6WjXmzdv9PT0TE1Ni4uLiRxEuqUEBAQ4ODjAzwo5OTlJVS0ILArIycm5ffs2MdfJcXFxAgIC8NBnHLiHeONPiJd14sQJT09P/JL6+vrt27eDXXkITExMwN3kdnZ2kZGRlG4O1QGB9fXw8/MjyKCVeHp6iomJEazXnpeXd+bMmezsbJI37NmzZ//9738bGxsJyo8dOxYeHk7y0wFfMRBYX4mBgYGgoCAiH/E6ODiIi4uPjY3hF5aVlfHy8iYkJJC8bU+fPv3pp5+WLg/PyclpZ2dH8tMBXzEQWF+Jnp4eNBr98OFDYg5GIpGioqIEq4lmZGSws7Pjr5JMKuPj47/++mt1dTVBOQMDA279JgAgBgisr0RPTw8GgyGY7bGStLQ0AQGBiIgI/EJ4ICKZ9qZHIBAGBgb4JUlJSXv27MFiseQ4HfC1AoFFXps2B2JNgTU+Pm5qasrCwhIeHj40NDQyMmJiYsLIyIhbXo7kMBjMkSNHTE1Nu7q6hoeHw8LCjh49uuwEXWDzvX//ntJNIBYILPKysbFhYmIyMTEpKioi67q0PT09qampRAYWBEFYLNbV1ZWVlXXPnj179+7l4+PLzMwkX/MgCEpJSREQENi3b9+ePXtYWFiQSOTU1BRZzwgQqaqqSkJCgoeHx8PDg2ACI7WhTGC9f/9+YWHh3dcOgqCWlhZ6eno6Ojo6Orpt27adOnVKV1c3LS2tvb19cnKShDMkRkdHAwICcDM/iPTx48eenh6ChZnIamho6OnTp2t918uXL7u7u9vb29vb2zs7O4eHh6enp8l9XfDp0ydK/wRtBvh71N3dfdu2bfAP6q5du3h5eV1cXMrLy3t6el69ekU9l2AUCKzx8XEUCnX9+nXPLcDb25ubm5tuiZ9++omdnd3FxYWE29KEhoYmJSW9W+Pw8Y6ODlI1YHUTExO4UVfd3d2vXr364luGhoZaWloKCwsdHR0NDAz09fX19fUNDQ0tLCycnJxQKFRFRQX50raxsTEwMNDDw4PSP0Rk5+3tfe3aNdw3K77du3fz8fHFxMTMzs6S6e95TSgTWImJic7OztevX3dzc4P/i4P741dQDmNhYcH98//www87duw4cOAAKyurjIwMbjsTkqitrY2Pj1/rL7C6uvrmbDxx584dExMTCIIGBgbMzc1rampWP76xsTEoKMjNzS0gIGDp3MOOjg4MBuPo6BgUFLTx9dtWaoCfn5+rqyv+PzE1/FyRvNzT09PAwGDXrl24H9T//e9/f/zxByMj4/nz55WUlBISEmZmZsjxl7xWoA+LvDAYzB9//LF79+6///6bl5dXR0cnJCSkoqJifn6e5Oeam5vz9PQkZmoOPlFR0aVDOskhMzMTnovT19enpqZWVla2ysFFRUXe3t7JycmfPn1avdqsrCxXV9eUlBRStnWLefnypb6+/s6dO+np6dnZ2YWFha2trW/fvo2/ohaVAIFFXnFxcRoaGjdu3CgvL3/+/Dm5T5eSkhIfH7+4uEj8W8TExHDr+ZJVVlYWvF5KX1+fhobGKoGVmprq5eWVn59PZM3w3n/Er1YIEGhra7O3t7eyskKhUM3NzXNzc5Ru0YpAYJHXJi/tCK8MR7Bh5+qoLbAKCgqcnZ3X+t3e3d3t4eFB/Lo6AL4PHz7QygpZcGDBkQoC62vw+PHjK1euEL/mEVUFVl9fn729/fpWy6qurnZzcyNTfxZAJYKDg+3s7NLT0wsKCuDlVUkCBBYlNTQ06OrqEkwVXAlVBRYSidzIcLCMjAx/f38q6R4GyAGFQnFxcYmJiXFych48eJBU1YLAorDa2lptbe1Lly6FhYXV1ta+fPlypSPXGlivX79+8eIFFosdGRmZnp6emZmZnp7GvaqlpbXSMKsvBlZdXV1ISMg6Rmnh9Pf3R0dHFxUVrbsGgGr19/d7e3uLiYkFBgbCJb6+vmfPno2Jidl4xwsILMp7+vSpkJAQHR3d//3f/zEzM2tpabm7u5eXlz98+BCLxeJWJSUysBYWFjo6OvLy8oKCggwMDHR1dfX09FxdXW1tbSUkJAIDA7u7u52dnf/zn/+sNK4iMzMT3o54paeEUVFRGAxmI2MUX79+HRERASZUf2WGhoYSEhIuXryop6f3+PFj/JdaW1s1NDR0dHRyc3OJvKVYFggsqlBTU8POzo4/DnDHjh3MzMyqqqoRERHwEDBiAmt+fj4/P9/DwyM4OLi8vByesfzu3bt79+5ZW1sfOHDgxx9/5ODg2LZt208//bTSw9CSkhJ4GxgsFmtlZbV0+EVoaOjG9xRISUlJSEj44mAIgCZMTExkZGRYWVnJyMissk9KcHCwoqKik5PTunfQAYFFFYqLi5mZmfFHAx46dIiNjU1YWPj69evwzdcXA2t2djY9Pd3Hx+fu3bvLHhAaGrpz5074FL/++uvQ0NCyh719+7a3t/fp06ddXV29vb0EMyvb29sDAwOJ2fN1deXl5SgUahNGkADkVlxc7OjoqK2t7enpubCwsPrBdXV1VlZWhoaG/v7+BHtzEAMEFuU9evRIQkLi559/Pnz4sICAgKqqqpOTU2ZmZltbG/5hXwyswsJCT0/PVfYNm5ubk5GR+fbbb1cPrNraWhMTEykpKVlZWVNTU4JHgf/8809gYODGu/9LS0ttbW1XylaAGkxNTVVVVVVUVJSXl1dUVNTW1hJMg29tbfX29r5y5YqDg8O9e/eIrzktLc3KykpPT+/27dtLX62qqoqLiysoKMCtoTQ1NdXe3v7+/XsQWJTX3Nzs6Ojo5+cHh9RKY+tXD6zBwUErK6sv7oaQlpa2Y8cOOLCWvboZHh6Wk5OTk5Pz9vb28fGRl5cXFRXFXz++sbHR19f3i/N1vsjf3//vv/++efPmBusByKeoqOjIkSPi4uJSUlJSUlIIBEJKSgr+Apufn4+OjtbU1HRxcSkoKFjHA9+BgQF4Y1ptbW1ct0NPT4+GhoaQkJCGhoaoqKicnBz8lVZRUaGlpfX8+XMQWJQ3NzdHzATj1QPrzp07ISEhxJxOWlqajo7ul19+WfYKq7S0dM+ePbgl5+vq6oSEhPDjaXBwMDg4eIO7+M7MzKirq//rX//S09MrLi6+ffs22CCWCqFQqO3btxcVFRUWFhYVFSUnJ7Oystrb20MQlJiYqKenl5OTs8Gb+vv371+/ft3Y2Lirq2txcVFFRUVGRiYjI6OpqSkrK0tcXFxSUrKvry8vL4+Pj6+vrw8EFs0QExNrbm5e6VUzMzMil3MoKyv7/vvvt23btuyPWnt7+7Fjx4yMjHAPAYeHh/GngHz8+DEuLm6Dwz4rKirgPrsffvjhu+++++2338rLyzdSIUAOKBTqr7/+wi9RUVFRVVWdmpp68eIFqfZ5nZ2dhbcRQKFQbGxsqampuJeKi4udnZ1bWloKCgoEBASePXsGAotmiIqKrnLHZ25uTnxVmpqaP/zww0rfjQUFBezs7Lt37+bi4vL09Fy6wVdra+sGf1idnZ2/+eYbuPv/r7/+2ngXPkAOSUlJO3fufPToUVtbW2dnZ2lpKTs7u6ur6+fPn8lxOlNTUxUVFYIdDGA5OTkgsGjGw4cPQ0ND6enp9fT07t27t+x+0cRsIo0zOjq6b9++pbvjQBCEuzn9559/7OzsTp8+zcrKStqNQp88eSIiIgKnFRMT08ZHSABkkpaWRkdHd/DgwUOHDu3Zs+fw4cNGRkbPnj0j0+nU1dW1tbWX7akAgUUbOjo6bty4oa+vLyMjw8zMbGJioqqq6u3tvcEuJAiC3Nzclt2KFYPBeP6/G6meOnXK0dFxg6fDl5GRsX37djo6OnZ29jVN/wY2WXJy8vbt2/Pz87OysnR0dKSlpVdfa2iDLCwslJWV8a/oX79+3dXV9fLly7y8PBBYVG16ejouLs7c3NzQ0BCNRicnJ5uZmUEQ1NjYCBcikchVRjCsA9wFFhMTc/DgQdxqCoODg2xsbG5ubhAEdXZ2kmScp4WFBR0dHQKBIMdesAAJ4fdhjY6OqqmpKSgokG8PcBQKhUAg8FfyqKysvHLlSm5u7p07d0BgUa+MjAx9fX0zM7PQ0FD4Osjd3d3Lywt335eenm5ubq6npxcaGrrK9EMitba22tvbu7m5zczMDA0NXbp0CYFAqKqqqqurS0pKCgoKtrS0fPr0ycvLy9bWdpWOf2J0d3ezs7Nzc3OD1Rqo3+3bt/fu3Yv7Y1lZ2dmzZz08PMh0utHRUTk5OXFx8fz8/OfPn1dWViopKfHz89fU1BQUFPDz84PAojr19fXGxsba2tohISH40WBgYECw7l1/f39iYqKZmZmGhkZGRsb6Tvfq1avQ0FBtbW17e/vc3Fx4mfm2tjZ/f3/4Os7V1RV+fvfx48c7d+44OTlpamoGBAQQMw5jWfn5+XJycmsaZAhQCgaDOXr0KH6Jq6srFxfXBr+0VlFdXa2urs7FxSUkJMTDwyMtLZ2WlgZBUGFhoYSERH9/PwgsavHy5UtXV1d4/filv8+qqqq4sVH4Ojo6UCiUsrKyurr6so9XVpGTkyMvL29sbJyTk7N0n9TJycmRkRGC50EvXrzIyMjQ09NTUlIifqFRfH19fVS4ni+wrIGBgZycHPyS4eHhrKwssk6o6unpSU9PT0xMTElJwW1lhsViKyoq5ubmQGBtkosXL+7bt4+enp6env7IkSMCAgL460nFxMSIiopaWVnV1dUtnY3V3Nysp6e3dAd5nKGhoYCAAC4uLnt7e9waMq9fvzYwMKCnpz906BAHB0dsbCzueCwWq6ioKCsrm5mZuY7dgLBYbFZWlpSUlLKyMv4CmBkZGRcuXDhy5Ag9Pf3Vq1fhwsLCQm1tbdBdBZAECKxNcurUKVZW1qSkpISEhMTERA0Njd27d8Pjj1xcXHAzHpaVkJBgZ2f3xc7O/v5+Jyen4OBgCIIePXrEysrKw8NTUlJSX1/v5eX1999/m5ubw3tAGRkZwYdtUFRUFBcXF7yQCBKJPHnypL29/f3790tKSpiYmERFRSEISklJ4ePjA+u4AyQBAmuTMDMzKygo4JccPXo0LCwMgqAv7quMRCI9PDzWdCmkpqYmIyODv2RVTEwMAoFYdq7pRsAzH6uqqkRERJycnHDl9+/f5+XlbWlpSUtLExAQuHXrFmnPC2xNILA2CTMzs6io6MjISHd3d3d3N9ydCXcofpGZmVl4eDjx5+ro6Dh58mRkZCR+IRaLlZSUdHJyIscSVCEhIQQPpCEIgndMgTe+B4EFkAQIrE3CwsKye/duBQUFKSkpcXFxMTExIyOj0dHRL75xZmbGxMRkTasaVFVVMTMzL90BUEVFxdjYeCPrPa7E29tbQEBg2btaEFgACYHA2iQsLCwMDAwWFhYmJiasrKzKyspETserrq62tLRc0/yVmpqaEydOENz9ff78WUFBwczMbHJycm1NJ4K3t/dKQ6tAYAEkBAJrkzAzM8vJycH/n5qays3NHR0dTcwb0Wj0WodrjoyMnDt3Dh6ejvPgwQNBQUEkEkl8PcRDo9EXLlzAT6X5+XlbW9ubN2/m5uaCwAJIBQTWJsEPLAiCLCwsODg4lp1+TCAoKMjJyQm39CKRPD09//77b9y2NJ8/fzY2Nr5w4QKZxpf39fWpqKioqKjgbnLj4+MPHTqUm5ubkZEBAgsgFRBYm4SJiUlCQgL3x6mpqZMnTxoYGHzxjW5ubgTXSkSytLTctWuXhISEnp4eKysrCwsLCoVaRz1EKi4u5uTkPHHihJaWloyMzO+//w4/NExKSkIgEPijwABg3UBgbZKioiKCZYW7urq++JQQi8U6ODise8xUa2srEom0trZGoVDj4+Prq4R4MzMzaDTa2tr6+vXrjx49gguHhoYqKytJtdgbsMWBwKJq1dXVNjY265sEAwBfHxBYVK2lpeXmzZvr2A0JAL5KILCoFBaLzc7ORqPRd+/exc3Xa21tXWVGIQB89UBgUaPq6mppaWk5OTklJSURERF7e3u4D8jDw0NNTY3SrQMAigGBRXWGhobOnj1raGiYnp6el5fn5eV1+vRpeNniK1euIBAISjcQACgGBBbVsba2ZmVlxS/x8fGBp+aYmppyc3NTqF0AQHkgsKgOKyurkZERfsn8/PybN28gCDIxMQGBBWxlILCozqlTp7y8vJZ9CQQWsMWBwKI6p0+ftrS0xC+ZnJyERzaAW0JgiwOBRXWMjY0JUikqKsrc3HxwcNDMzAwEFrCVgcCiOg8ePDhx4oSVlVVTU9Pg4CAKheLi4jI2Np6fnzcxMQFPCYGtDAQWNYqLi+Pn55eXl1dWVhYWFr58+XJ9fT0EQc7OzhcvXqR06wCAYkBgUanKysro6OiQkJDk5GTc1Jzm5may7hUOAFQOBBYAADQDBBYAADTj/wOlYb45UIocrgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4. yang hanya saya dapat kan dari turunan asam benzoat yakni
biodegradasi natrium benzoate.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Biodegradasi <i>Ready </i></span></b><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Biodegradasi adalah dekomposisi
bahan kimia oleh mikroorganisme. Istilah ini sering dihubungkan dengan
pengolahan limbah atau bioremediasi. Biodegradasi merupakan keba-likan dari
proses fotosintesis. Fotosintesis adalah konversi CO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub>dan H<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>O
dengan bantuan cahaya matahari, sedangkan biodegradasi adalah proses konversi
bahan organik kembali menjadi CO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub>dan H<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>O melalui aktivitas
mikroorganisme (Loonen <i>et al. </i>2006). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Biodegradasi <i>ready
</i>didefinisikan sebagai metode biodegradasi untuk bahan yang kemampuan
degradasinya tinggi (OECD 2003). Bahan yang termasuk <i>readily biodegradable </i>menunjukkan
nilai karbon organik terlarut (DOC) yang hilang mencapai 70%, penurunan oksigen
atau pembentukan CO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub>mencapai 60%, nisbah kebutuhan oksigen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">biokimiawi (BOD<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">5</span></sub>)/ThOD
atau BOD<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">5</span></sub>/COD
lebih besar dari 0.5. Pengujian biodegradasi <i>ready </i>dilakukan dalam
kondisi aerob dan gelap, dengan kisaran konsentrasi senyawa yang diujikan 2–100
mg/L. Biodegradasi diukur dengan beberapa parameter pendukung seperti DOC, BOD,
jumlah CO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2
</span></sub>yang dihasilkan (OECD 2005), dan pengambilan oksigen (EPA 1998). </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5424300532835192305" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">OECD memiliki 6 metode yang
dapat digunakan untuk biodegradasi <i>ready</i>. Enam metode yang dapat
digunakan dalam uji biodegradasi <i>ready </i>dipaparkan pada panduan uji (TG)
OECD No. 301 A–F, yaitu metode DOC <i>die-away </i>(301-A), metode penapisan
OECD termodifikasi<i>-</i>DOC-<i>die-away </i>(301-B)<i>, </i>metode pelepasan
CO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub>(301-C),
metode respirometri manometrik (301-D), metode botol tertutup (301-E)<i>, </i>dan
metode <i>Ministry of International Trade and Industri, Japan </i>(MITI)
(301-F) (OECD 2005). Keenam me-tode ini digunakan juga oleh United States Environmental
Protection Agency (US EPA) yang terdapat pada OPPTS 835.3110 (EPA 1998). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemilihan
metode yang digunakan untuk analisis didasarkan pada hasil uji pendahuluan
terhadap senyawa kimia yang diuji. Uji pen-dahuluan ini meliputi uji kelarutan,
tekanan uap, dan sifat adsorbsi. Informasi mengenai kemurnian dan komponen
utama yang terkandung dalam senyawa kimia yang diuji diperlukan untuk
menginterpretasi hasil yang diperoleh. Keenam uji biodegradasi <i>ready </i>da-pat
digunakan untuk senyawa kimia yang memiliki kelarutan dalam air sekurangnya 100
mg/L walaupun senyawa tersebut tidak atsiri dan tidak teradsorbsi. Pemilihan
metode berdasarkan karakteristik senyawa kimia dapat dilihat pada Tabel 1 (OECD
1992)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Senyawa
standar digunakan untuk mengecek prosedur (OECD 2005 & EPA 1998) dan juga
aktivitas inokulum (EPA 1998). Senyawa standar yang dapat digu-nakan adalah
anilin, natrium asetat (Na-asetat), atau </span><span lang="IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">natrium
benzoat(Na-benzoat) </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(OECD 1992). Ftalat atau asam
trimelitat juga dapat digunakan (EPA 1998). Anilin yang digunakan disuling
dalam kondisi segar (EPA 1998 & OECD 1992).</span><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Metode Botol Tertutup (301E)
merupakan salah satu metode biodegradasi <i>ready. </i>Prinsip percobaan dari
metode ini adalah pengujian oksigen terlarut (DO) selama 28 hari di tempat
gelap dengan suhu yang konstan. Bahan yang diuji dilarutkan ke dalam medium
mineral buatan dengan konsentrasi bahan 2–5 mg/L dan diinokulasi oleh
mikroorganisme dengan kisaran 0.05–5 mL/L dari campuran populasi mikrob.
Degradasi diukur melalui analisis DO selama 28 hari. Nilai DO pada pengujian
bahan kimia dikoreksi dengan DO pada blangko, dan ditunjukkan sebagai persen
ThOD atau COD. Koreksi DO juga dilakukan jika terjadi proses nitrifikasi selama
berlangsungnya degradasi (OECD 1992). </span></div>
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<![endif]-->Dewi Mayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01395927084465635097noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5424300532835192305.post-13712610651507687892013-04-11T08:55:00.002-07:002013-04-11T08:55:45.370-07:00BIODEGRADASI SENYAWA ORGANIK<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><u><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biodegradasi</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biodegradasi
yaitu pemecahan cemaran organik oleh aktivitas mikroba yang melibatkan
serangkaian reaksi enzimatik. Umumnya terjadi karena senyawa tersebut
dimanfaatan sebagai sumber makanan (substrat). Biodegradasi yang lengkap disebut
juga sebagai mineralisasi, dengan produk akhirnya berupa karbondioksida dan
air. Proses ini dipakai dalam pengolahan limbah untuk menjadi CO2 dan
air.Ko-metabolisma (<i>co-metabolism</i>) yaitu kemampuan mikroba dalam
mengoksidasi atau metabolisasi suatu senyawa tetapi energi yang dihasilkan
tidak dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi untuk pertumbuhan. Terjadi jika
mikroba secara kebetulan menghasilkan suatu enzim yang mampu mendegradasi
senyawa tertentu, sehingga dikatakan enzim tersebut tidak spesifik. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BIODEGRADASI
FENOL</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: BookAntiqua;">Fenol merupakan
senyawa organik, yang bersifat toksik, dan mudah larut dalam air, sehingga
senyawa tersebut mudah menimbulkan pencemaran pada suatu perairan. Fenol dapat bersifat
toksik dan apabila suatu perairan terkena pencemaran fenol akan mengakibatkan
turunnya kualitas air dan gangguan terhadap ekosistem perairan (Udiharto, 1989).
Banyak industry menggunakan senyawa fenol dalam proses produksi maupun sebagai
salah satu bahan dasar. Sisa-sisa fenol dapat terbawa dalam limbah dan
menyebabkan pencemaran pada perairan tempat pembuangan limbah industry tersebut
(Udiharto, 1989).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: BookAntiqua;">Penanggulangan pencemaran
fenol dapat dilakukan secara fisik, kimiawi, dan biologis. Cara fisik umumnya
kurang efektif, sedangkan cara kimiawi dapat menimbulkan masalah baru berupa
pencemaran lingkungan. Di samping itu, cara fisik dan kimiawi memerlukan biaya
mahal. Alternatif lain adalah cara biologis, yaitu dengan aktivitas mikrobia
yang mempunyai efek samping lebih kecil. Melalui suatu proses biodegradasi,
kandungan fenol dalam air akan direduksi menjadi sekecil mungkin (Udiharto,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: BookAntiqua;">1989; Udiharto, 1992).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biodegradasi
fenol dengan kultur murni Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27833 yang terlebih dahulu
diadaptasikan bertingkat pada konsentrasi komposisi nutrisi yang berbeda dan
dengan konsentrasi fenol sebesar 500 ppm. Analisa hasil degradasi ditentukan
secara kolorimetri dengan menggunakan 4-aminoantipirin dan Kalium Ferrisianida
sebagai oksidator pada pH 10,2 untuk penentuan sisa fenol. Diketahui bahwa
kultur murni Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27833 setelah diadaptasi tiga kali
selama 10 hari mampu mendegradasi fenol sebesar 495,88 ppm. Penelitian
biodegradasi ini ddilakuakn pada skala laboratorium, yang difokuskan pada
pemecahan komponen tunggal dengan menggunakan kultur murni. Fenol merupakan
racun protoplasmic yang toksik terhadap segala jenis sel. Kadar fenol yang
tinggi akan mengendapkan protein, sedangkan kadar rendah akan mendenaturasi
protein tanpa koagulasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biodegradasi
fenol adalah terjadinya pengrusakan cincin aromatic oleh mikroba pada proses
anaerob dan aerob. Senyawa aromatic baik secara total maupun sebagian dapat
didegradasi oleh mikroorganisme tergantung pada jumlah cincin dan jenis
substituennya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permasalahan
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biodegradasi
fenol adalah terjadinya pengrusakan cincin aromatic oleh mikroba pada proses anaerob
dan aerob. Senyawa aromatic baik secara total maupun sebagian dapat didegradasi
oleh mikroorganisme tergantung pada jumlah cincin dan jenis substituennya.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang
menjadi permasalahnya,bagaimana proses mikroba dapat merusak cincin aromatic
fenol pada proses biodegradasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tersebut?</span></div>
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<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lalu
apakah antara proses anaerob dan aerob itu menggunakan mikroba yang sama? Jelaskan!</span></div>
Dewi Mayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01395927084465635097noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5424300532835192305.post-2176259593842189072013-03-28T07:44:00.001-07:002013-03-28T07:44:26.992-07:00Keasaman Asam Karrboksilat<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asam
karboksilat adalah asam organik yang diidentikkan dengan gugus karboksil. Asam
karboksilat merupakan asam Bronsted-Lowry (donor proton). Garam dan
anion asam karboksilat dinamakan karboksilat. Asam karboksilat merupakan
senyawa polar, dan membentuk ikatan hidrogen satu sama lain. Pada fasa gas,
Asam karboksilat dalam bentuk dimer. Dalam larutan Asam karboksilat merupakan
asam lemah yang sebagian molekulnya terdisosiasi menjadi H+ dan RCOO-. Contoh :
pada temperatur kamar, hanya 0,02% dari molekul asam asetat yang terdisosiasi
dalam air. Asam karboksilat alifatik rantai pendek (atom karbon <18) dibuat
dengan karbonilasi alkohol dengan karbon monoksida. Untuk rantai panjang dibuat
dengan hidrolisis trigliserida yang biasa terdapat pada minyak hewan dan
tumbuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keasaaman
dari asam karboksilat ditentukan oleh mudahnya gugus –OH melepaskan ion hydrogen
dari –OH pada alcohol.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada
pereaksi kesetimbangan alcohol,ion alkoksida hanya mempunyai satu bentuk
struktur,yaitu R-O,sedangkan pada asam karboksilat,ion karboksilat berada dalam
dua bentuk resonansi I dan resonansi II. Ini berarti ion karboksilat
distabilkan oleh adanya resonansi. Resonansi ini memudahkan pelepasan ion hydrogen
sehingga keasaman dari asam karboksilat lebih besar dari pada alcohol.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">KEASAMAN DARI ASAM KARBOKSILAT</span></b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">I.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: ";"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Pengukuarn kekuatan asam</span></span></b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: ";"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Dalam air asam karboksilat
berada pada kesetimbangan dengan ion karboksilat dan ion hidronium. Satu ukuran
dari kekuatan asam ialah besarnya ionisasi daslam air. Lebih besar jumlah
ionisasi, lebih kuat asamnya. Asam karboksilat umumnya asam yang lebih lemah daripada
H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>; daslam larutan air, kebanyakan molekul asam
karboksilat tidak terionisasi.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: ";"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Kekuatan asam dinyatakan
sebagai konstanta asam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">K</i>a, konstanta
kesetimbangan ionisasi dalam air. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: ";"></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SAfont-family:"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="font-family: ";"></span><span style="font-family: ";">Dimana : <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>[RCO<sub>2</sub>H] = molaritas dari RCO<sub>2</sub>H</span></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 76.5pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: ";"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>[RCO<sub>2</sub>] = molaritas dari RCO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup></span></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 76.5pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<sub><span style="font-family: ";"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></sub><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: ";">[H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>]
atau [H<sup>+</sup>] = molaritas H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> atau H<sup>+</sup></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: ";"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Harga
Ka yang lebih besar berarti asam tersebut lebih kuat sebab konsentrasi dari RCO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>
dan H<sup>+</sup> lebih besar. Untuk mempermudah maka harga pKa= adalah pangkat
megatifdari pangkat dalam Ka. Apabila Ka bertambah, pKa berkurang; oleh sebab
itu makin kecil pKa berarti makin kuat asamnya. </span></span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: ";"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">II.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: ";"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Resonansi dan kekuatan asam</span></span></b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: ";"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Sebab utama asam karboksilat
bersifat asam adalah resonansi stabil dari ion karboksilat. Kedua struktur dari
ion karboksilat adalah ekivalen; muatan negatif dipakai sam oleh kedua atom
oksigen. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: ";"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Delokalisasi dari muatan
negatif ini menjelaskan mengapa asam karboksilat lebih asam daripada fenol.
Walaupun ion fenoksida merupakan resonansi stabil kontribusi utama struktur
resonansi mempunyai muatan negatif berada pada satu atom. </span></span><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yesfont-family:";"></span></div>
<span style="font-family: ";"></span>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yesfont-family:";"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="background: black; border: none black 1.0pt; layout-grid-mode: linefont-family:"; mso-border-alt: none black 0cm; mso-font-width: 0%; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: ";"></span>III.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: ";"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Efek induksi dan kekuatan asam</span></span></b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: ";"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Factor lain disamping resonansi
stabil dari ion karboksilat mempengaruhi keasaman dari senyawa. Delokalisasi
lebih jauh dari muatan negatif ion karboksilat menstabilkan anion, relative
terhadap asamnya. Penambahan kestabilan dari anion menyebabkan bertambahnya
keasaman dari suatu asam. Misalnya, khlor elektronegatif. Dalam asam
khloroasetat, khlor menarik keerapatan elektron dari elektron dari gugusan
karboksil ke dirinya. Penarikan elektron ini menyebabkan delokalisasi lebih
jauh dari muatan negatif, jadi menstabilkan anion dan menambah kekuatan asam
dari asamnya. Asam khloroasetat lebih kuat dari asam asetat. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: ";"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Makin besar penarikan elektron
oleh efek induktif, lebih kuat asamnya. Asam dikloroasetat mengandung dua atom
khlor yang menarik elektron dan merupakan asam yang lebih kuat dari pada asam
khlorasetat. Asam trikhloroasetat mempunyai tiga atom khlor dan lebih kuat lagi
daripada asam dikhloroasetat.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: ";"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">IV.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: ";"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Garam dari asam karboksilat</span></span></b><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: ";"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Air salah satu basa telalu lmah
untuk menghilangkan proton dalam jumlah besardari kebanyakan asam karboksilat.
Basa lebih kuat seperti natrium hidroksida mengalami reaksi sempurna dengan
asam karboksilat memmbentuk garam yang disebut karboksilat. Reaksi ini disebut
reaksi netralisasi asam basa. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: ";"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Karboksilat adalah garam
berperilaku seperti garam organik; tidak berbau, titik leleh relatif tinggi dan
sering mudah larut dalam air. Karena bentuknya ion , maka sukar larut dalam
pelarut organik. Garam natrium dari asam karboksilat ranatai hidrokarbon
panjang disebut sabun. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: ";"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Karboksilat diberi nama sama
seperti garam anorganik. Nama ion karboksilat diambil dasri nama asam
karboksilat asal. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: ";"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Asam karboksilat juga bereaksi
dengan ammonia dan amina menghasilkan ammonium karboksilat. Reaksi dengan amina
penting sekali dalam kimia protein sebab molekul protein kaya akan gugusan
karboksil dan gugusan amino. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: ";"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Dengan mereaksikan asam
karboksilat dengan asam kuat atau sedang kan mengubah garam kembali menjadi
asam karboksilat.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Permasalahannya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Seperti yang kita ketahui,bahwa yang mempengaruhi keasamaa asam
karboksilat salah satunya adalah resonansi stabil dari ion karboksilat,sedangkan
pada artikel disebutkan bahwa pada asam karboksilat,ion karboksilat berada
dalam dua bentuk resonansi I dan resonansi II.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Yang saya ingin tanyakan,apa maksud dari resonansi tersebut dan mengapa
hanya pada asam karboksilat yang memiliki resonansi I dan resonansi II ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Jika,asam karboksilat tersebut hanya mengalami resonansi I
,apakah berpengaruh pada tingkat keasaman tersebut? Jelaskan!</span></div>
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Dewi Mayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01395927084465635097noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5424300532835192305.post-78592505495371602902013-03-17T07:35:00.002-07:002013-03-17T07:35:41.510-07:00AMIDA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;">Amida adalah senyawa yang merupakan turunan asam
karbosilat yang diperoleh dari penggantian –OH pada gugus –COOH oleh gugus –NH
2. Dengan demikian rumus umum untuk amida adalah R – CONH2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;">Tata Nama :</span></b><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;"></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #8064a2; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: accent4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dinamai
sesuai dengan nama asam karboksilatnya dikurangi akhiran oat dan diganti
dengan amida.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #8064a2; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: accent4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika
pada atom N tersubstitusi gugus alkil, maka substituent alkil ditunjukkan
dengan memberi awalan N dimana alkil tersebut terikat.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #8064a2; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: accent4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;">Sifat-sifat
Fisik Amida</span></b><b><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;"></span></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #8064a2; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: accent4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Polar
</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #8064a2; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: accent4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mudah
larut di dalam air karena dengan adanya gugus C=O dan N-H memungkinkan
terbentuknya ikatan hidrogen.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #8064a2; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: accent4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umumnya
berupa padat pada suhu kamar kecuali : formamida berbentuk cair.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;">Pembuatan Amida :</span></b><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;">Amida umumnya
disintesis di laboratorium melalui beberapa cara :</span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;">1. Reaksi anhidrida dengan ammonia</span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;">2. Reaksi ester dengan ammonia</span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;">3. Reaksi klorida asam dengan
ammonia</span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;">4. Pemanasan garam ammonium
karboksilat</span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
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<b><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;">Hidrolisis amida :</span></b><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;">Amida sangat
kuat/tahan terhadap hidrolisis. Tetapi dengan adanya asam atau basa pekat,
hidrolisis dapat terjadi menghasilkan asam karboksilat.</span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;">\<br />
PENGGUNAAN AMIDA :</span></div>
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<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: accent4;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;">Formamida berbentuk cair, sebagai pelarut.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: accent4;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;">Untuk identifikasi asam yang berbentuk cair.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: accent4;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;">Untuk sintesis nilon, dsb. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;">permasalahanya
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;">pada
artikel, disebutkan bahwa senyawa amida berbentuk padat pada suhu kamar kecuali
formamida (CH<sub>3</sub>NO). Mengapa hanya formamida saja yang berbentuk
cair?? apakah ada hal tersebut dikarenakan formamida hanya memiliki atom C
satu??? atau ada faktor penyebab lainnya???</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #8064a2; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent4;">Apakah
senyawa amida lain nya seperti butamida bisa dibuat dalam bentuk cair juga???
kalau bisa bagaimana caranya??</span></div>
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<![endif]-->Dewi Mayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01395927084465635097noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5424300532835192305.post-57089302305815797572013-03-10T06:30:00.001-07:002013-03-10T06:44:49.569-07:00ESTER<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam ilmu kimia, ester adalah campuran organik dengan
simbol R’ yang menggantikan suatu atom hidrogen atau lebih. Ester juga dibentuk
dengan asam yang tidak tersusun teratur; sebagai contoh, dimetil sulfat yang
juga disebut “asam belerang, dimethyl ester” (Anonim, 2006).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reaksi esterifikasi adalah
suatu reaksi antara asam karboksilat dan alkohol membentuk ester. Turunan asam
karboksilat membentuk ester asam karboksilat. Ester asam karboksilat ialah
suatu senyawa yang mengandung gugus -CO<sub>2 </sub>R dengan R dapat berupa
alkil maupun aril. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Esterifikasi dikatalisis asam dan bersifat
dapat balik (Fessenden, 1981).</span></div>
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Reaksi esterifikasi merupakan
reaksi pembentukan ester dengan reaksi langsung antara suatu asam karboksilat
dengan suatu alkohol (Fessenden, 1982).</div>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CARA PEMBUATAN ESTER</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan ester dari asam
karboksilat dan alcohol</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat
kimiawi reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ester dihasilkan apabila asam karboksilat dipanaskan bersama
alkohol dengan bantuan katalis asam. Katalis ini biasanya adalah asam sulfat pekat.
katalis-katalis ini cenderung melibatkan ester-ester aromatik (yakni ester yang
mengandung sebuah cincin benzen). Namun katalis HCl pekat tidak berperan (tidak
bereaksi ) dalam proses esterifikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan ester dari alkohol dan
asil klorida (klorida asam)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika kita menambahkan sebuah asil klorida kedalam sebuah
alkohol, maka reaksi yang terjadi cukup progresif (bahkan berlangsung hebat)
pada suhu kamar menghasilkan sebuah ester dan awan-awan dari asap hidrogen
klorida yang asam dan beruap.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sebagai contoh, jika kita menambahkan etanol
krlorida ke dalam etanol, maka akan terbentuk banyak hidrogen klorida bersama
dengan ester cair etil etanoat.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan ester dari alkohol dan
anhidrida asam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reaksi-reaksi dengan anhidrida asam berlangsung lebih lambat
dibanding reaksi-reaksi yang serupa dengan asil klorida, dan biasanya campuran
reaksi yang terbentuk perlu dipanaskan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mengapa
HCl pekat tidak dapat berperan sebagai katalis dalam reaksi esterifikasi</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"> ?
padalah sama-sama asam kuat seperti halnya asam sulfat.</span></span></div>
Dewi Mayahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01395927084465635097noreply@blogger.com3